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    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/our-team</loc>
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    <lastmod>2026-03-10</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Lab Members - Devin K. Binder, M.D., Ph.D.</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tobias Keene, D.D.S. Hailing from Richmond, Virginia, Dr. Tobias Keene brings a bit of unabashed Southern hospitality to all his patients. He moved to Washington, D.C. over thirty years ago as a freshman at Ivy College. Right after graduation, he attended World University’s School of Dentistry. Before opening Keene Dental in 1994, he worked for free clinics and some of the finest practices in the District. He is part of the 123 Dental Association and stays up-to-date on the latest dental discoveries. When not striving to keep his patients happy and healthy, he’s enjoys hiking with his family in Rock Creek Park.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Lab Members - Carrie R. Jonak, B.S.</image:title>
      <image:caption>Carrie Jonak received her B.S. degree in Biological Sciences from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona in 2011. She began her career at the University of California, Riverside in 2013 and her research focused on reproductive neuroendocrinology in Dr. Djurdjica Coss’ lab. She joined the Binder lab in 2016, bringing her expertise to her positions as both lab manager and research associate. In addition to providing laboratory managerial support, she is using multielectrode array electroencephalography (MEA-EEG) to identify novel electrophysiological biomarkers in mouse models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE), multiple sclerosis (MS), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Her research also involves utilizing MEA-EEG to evaluate potential pharmacological compounds to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying auditory hypersensitivity in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS).</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Lab Members - Samantha Assad, B.S.</image:title>
      <image:caption>Samantha Assad received her B.S. degree in Biochemistry from the University of California, Riverside in 2022. She joined the Binder lab in 2019 as an undergraduate researcher and was hired as a Lab Assistant in 2022. She is a Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. graduate student at the University of California, Riverside.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1e40cb56-827e-4460-a41d-58c1c0c5ab03/Navroop.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Lab Members - Navroop Sandhu</image:title>
      <image:caption>Navroop Sandhu is an undergraduate researcher at the University of California, Riverside majoring in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology. She joined the Binder lab in January 2023 and is currently assisting in testing the efficacy of potential new drugs for the treatment of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS).</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/links</loc>
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    <lastmod>2021-04-12</lastmod>
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    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/publications</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-12-04</lastmod>
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    <lastmod>2020-10-10</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/collaborators</loc>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-10-23</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/techniques</loc>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-10-23</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/new</loc>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-08-29</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/research</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-10-11</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/research/post-traumatic-epilepsy</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-10-23</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597594932972-7KPF8BYTG5HWWGA80C9B/PTE-Graph-Lrg.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Posttraumatic Epilepsy</image:title>
      <image:caption>Spontaneous electrographic seizures observed after TBI (highlighted box).</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/research/astrocyte-swelling</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-10</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597596040981-HW3YTIP3IAUDBV53WKKG/astrocyte-swelling-fig1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Astrocyte Swelling</image:title>
      <image:caption>In vivo 2 photon image showing perivascular astrocytes (eGFP) in contact with penetrating arterioles (SR101) in a section of somatosensory cortex.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Research - Astrocyte Swelling</image:title>
      <image:caption>Max intensity z-projection through 50 µm of somatosensory cortex in vivo, with astrocytes labeled by eGFP. Occasional blood vessels are visible as outlines formed by astrocyte endfeet.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/research/fragile-x-syndrome</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-10</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597594257829-TI4Q9K3COK92ZQI8VWS3/fragileX-figure1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Fragile X Syndrome</image:title>
      <image:caption>Auditory processing in Fmr1 KO mice: sound evoked ERPs habituate less in KO mice</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Research - Fragile X Syndrome</image:title>
      <image:caption>32 channel multielectrode array (MEA) at baseline</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/research/neuroengineering</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-10</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597530899611-ZJTLUPYP48Q0QT0N7SJU/Figure1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Neuroengineering</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 1. Concept of direct surface-contact-based osmotic treatment of cerebral edema.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597530964667-SDW3PTVPYANMXSUG8PVL/Figure2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Neuroengineering</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 2. Application of the hollow fiber-hydrogel device. Inlet of fiber bundle (A), gel on tissue surface at injury location (B), and outlet for fiber bundle (C).</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/research/astrocytes-and-epilepsy</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-10</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597527174032-J6ZZ6TI4ZWLOKWGN7XIJ/Figure+1+EEG.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Astrocytes and Epilepsy</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 1. Example of seizure recorded by electroencephalography (EEG).</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597527987112-LYECWTIZD6PX1ZHMIYP2/reactive-astrocytes.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Astrocytes and Epilepsy</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 2. Example of reactive changes induced in astrocytes (red) 7 days after status epilepticus.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.binderlab.com/research/aquaporin-4</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-10-10</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597526048724-NA1OL1XG0FVIV78B5SFN/Figure+1+aquaporin+channel.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Aquaporin-4</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 1. Aquaporin-4 forms a membrane pore that is water-selective. Water can flow bidirectionally down its osmotic gradient.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597526012056-LM0NM8O34B7JDVS8Q9DI/Figure+2+AQP4+sagittal+montage.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Aquaporin-4</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 2. Sagittal fluorescent immunohistochemical montage demonstrating widespread expression of AQP4 in the mouse brain.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f2721733960440f1e5a4af6/1597526074427-T0ADG9KH6NW7LNR5IAKR/Figure+3+AQP4+and+S100b.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Research - Aquaporin-4</image:title>
      <image:caption>Figure 3. High-magnification examples of hippocampal AQP4 immunoreactivity colocalizing with S100β, a marker of astrocytes.</image:caption>
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